Different Contexts In Communication Essay Example for Free

Various Contexts In Communication Essay †¢Social †When in a social situation you are more than likely around individuals who know your character and how you impart, if that is with jokey mockery, emotional activities, being load, discreetly keen or some other manner by which you may utilize your communicational aptitudes. In view of the fellowship you will have with these individuals and the need they feel to invest social energy with you, they will comprehend your ways, acknowledge them, and that is the means by which you can act naturally in an agreeable loosened up air. †¢Professional †Meetings, conversing with different guardians/individuals from staff/understudies/outside organizations. All require polished methodology; the manner by which you behave ought to be with a benevolent, yet not formal mentality. Regard, tuning in, intrigue and comprehension ought to be appeared by you in non-verbal communication, questions, answers and potential arrangements. In a portion of these gatherings significant issues can irises and it is significant that regardless of what the subject is you take a high enthusiasm at getting any issues managed, yet continually keeping the circumstance quiet and none compromising. Mockery, wrong jokes and different practices ought to be left to use in your social time; this isn't the spot for casual perspectives, an expert position is required, with a level measure of comprehension and regard. †¢Cultural †If a gathering has been masterminded with individuals of an alternate culture if conceivable a little examination into worthy communicational conduct would help, however being mindful so as not to expect a generalization mentality. In the event that there will be a language obstruction, arrangements ought to be made. In certain societies they have altogether different thoughts on what is hostile and amenable. For instance shaking hands to me is a respectful method to make proper acquaintance and presenting yourself, however there are societies that locate this discourteous, alongside eye to eye connection, (which is a major method to show you are tuning in our way of life) likewise the manner by which you might be dressed could cause affence. At the point when any of these aptitudes wherein you should act in are crossed, this could leave the other part in your gathering feeling annoyed, unfit to have the certainty to communicate what they are feeling and lose th e trust to have the option to come to you with an issue once more.

1812

1812 Much discussion has proceeded to decide the justification for the War of 1812. Through verifiable proof and knowledge it is anything but difficult to see that the battle for impartial rights was the reason for the War of 1812. The seizures of American boats and impressments of the American individuals disregarded worldwide law. The Indian assault on America gave the American individuals motivation to accept that the British had been a piece of overstepping the United States Neutrality Laws. American individuals additionally favored war to being constrained by Great Britain.British impressments and seizing of American mariners and boats had made Madison incensed, and he planned to take care of business. Madison would not like to go into a war however; he needed to protect the nonpartisanship. The United States have futile depleted oppositions and expostulations⠦without effect,⠝ said Madison in his war message to congress. Madison attempted a wide range of bans, however nothing w orked.The unique bargain of the Louisiana Purchase

10 Job Search Strategies from Recruiters

10 Job Search Strategies from Recruiters When it comes to tapping into best practices in the job search process, recruiters tend to be experts. Therefore, even if you’re not working directly with recruiters in your job search, it’s advisable to pay attention to what they are saying! This week I’ve compiled advice from recruiters that I recommend you follow. It could make the difference between being employed and remaining in job search mode. When you invite a recruiter to connect on LinkedIn, don’t use the generic “I’d like to add you to my professional network on LinkedIn.” In fact, whenever you connect with anyone, personalize it and provide value. See Recruiter: Stop making this mistake on LinkedIn. Craft your LinkedIn profile to contain the best / most relevant key words, job titles and industry names. Recruiters and hiring managers spend significant time sourcing prospects on LinkedIn and you must key your profile to the searches they are performing. See Recruiters Reveal Their Secrets. Tailor your resume. You must at least appear as if you have a target and are sticking with it. If you have two targets, tailor a resume to each. See What Recruiters Want Candidates to Know and 100 Job Search Tips from Fortune 500 Recruiters. Write a cover letter that helps the recruiter or hiring manager envision you in the open position. Technical recruiters might not read cover letters, but recruiters in other industries do. See Recruiters Reveal Their Secrets. Apply for jobs you are qualified for. Look at the job description carefully; if you can’t state examples in your resume of how you have already succeeded in the required duties for the position, you are probably not a fit. See What Recruiters Want Candidates to Know. Prepare for your interview by researching the company and having specific examples of your accomplishments and previous experience at your fingertips. You *will* be asked for examples of how you approached situations in the past! See What Recruiters Want Candidates to Know. Write a thank you noteâ€"and send it by email in addition to snail mail! One candidate snail mailed a note, but someone else emailed a thank you which arrived at the employer’s office before the snail mail; guess who got the job? See Recruiters Reveal Their Secrets. Don’t make typos!! See Recruiters Reveal Their Secrets and What Recruiters Want Candidates to Know. Network, network and network! See 100 Job Search Tips from Fortune 500 Recruiters. Tell the truth. Getting caught in a misrepresentation, including a “harmless embellishment,” will kill your chances of getting a job. See 100 Job Search Tips from Fortune 500 Recruiters. All of the above tips are in line with what a resume writer or job search coach will tell you but isn’t it great to hear it from people with decades of recruitment experience? If you said yes, you might want some more tips from this valuable source. Thankfully, they’re not that hard to find. For a wealth of advice from recruiters on how to succeed in the job search, I recommend 100 Job Search Tips from Fortune 500 Recruiters. Did you learn anything? Did you get confirmation that you’re doing something right? Please share in the comments!

The Renaissance Period - 1592 Words

The Renaissance Sides 1 The Renaissance period was between 1400-1600 century. It began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe. The Renaissance time is were self paintings mostly came from. In most of the painting the people were nude. They started making the painting 3D. There are many things about the Renaissance. Renaissance means born a new. The concept enshrined in the world of Renaissance is actually one of rebirth. It was considered the beginning of modern history. The High Renaissance was from about 1495-1527. The Late Renaissance was from about 1527-1600. Europe s gateway to trade was Venice. Venice was a producer of fine glass. The capital of textiles was Florence. The pandemic Black Death happened in the fourteenth century in Italy. The plaque was carried by fleas on ships. Due to the lack of proper sanitation it spread quickly. About 1.4 million people in England died. It was also called the bubonic plaque. The value of working class increased and workers traveled to more favorable po sitions. The price of food dropped and land value decreased. The disease spread more rampant in areas of poverty because of poor sanitation, dirty drinking water and lice. Children were hit the hardest. Fun facts about the Renaissance. In most of the painting with people in them the people were naked. This is how pornography started. They started panting people nude during the Renaissance. Some of the people they painted was from there religion. Some of the people theyShow MoreRelatedThe Renaissance, Renaissance And The Renaissance Period775 Words   |  4 Pages Renaissance is a time period that starts a transitional cultural movement in Europe between medieval times and modern times. It means rebirth and begins in 14th century and lasts into the 17th century. Through out this time, many aspects were influenced by this cultural movement, such as art, music, science, religion and politics. Renaissance was marked by the humanistic revival, and people in Europe used this met hod in study, in order to searched for realism and human themselves in art.Read MoreThe Period Of The Renaissance Period887 Words   |  4 PagesRenaissance literally means rebirth. It refers particularly to the rebirth of learning during this period. There was a tremendous revival of classical literature and art, but in the end it was the joining of this with the intellect of the Italian people that lead to the change of the Western World. This period was definitely more than just a rebirth though, it was also an age of new discoveries, both geographic and intellectual. Both of these resulted in changes of tremendous importance for WesternRead MoreThe Renaissance Period1577 Words   |  7 PagesThe Renaissance The Renaissance period was between 1400-1600 century. It began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe. The Renaissance time is were self paintings mostly came from. In most of the painting the people were nude. They started making the painting 3D. There are many things about the Renaissance. Renaissance means born a new. The concept enshrined in the world of Renaissance is actually one of rebirth. It was considered the beginning of modern history. The High Renaissance was fromRead MoreThe Period Of The Renaissance1449 Words   |  6 PagesThe Renaissance, â€Å"rebirth,† began in the fourteenth century which spanned all the way to the sixteenth century. This great cultural transition that spread throughout Europe was one of the most important periods of European history as the ideas of the Medieval age shifted to a more modern age. Throughout this period Europe experience many major achievements in literature, architecture, philosophy, and of course art. Out of the Renai ssance, Europe gained many historically important artists like LeonardoRead MoreThe Renaissance Period836 Words   |  4 PagesThe Renaissance Period The term Renaissance comes from the French word rebirth. The Renaissance was a period of European history, considered by modern scholars that occurred between 1300 and 1600. Many dramatic changes happened during the Renaissance. The Renaissance was a period of new inventions and beliefs. This period of time was drastically different from the Middle Ages. During the Middle Ages the church had most of the power and its economy was based primarily on agriculture. ExplorationRead MoreThe Renaissance Period1455 Words   |  6 PagesThe Renaissance period, also known as the time of â€Å"rebirth†, brought many new ideas from the early 14th to late 16th century. These ideas derived from old medieval beliefs coinciding with new modernist attitudes (â€Å"Basic Ideas of the Renaissance,† 2012). Of the many changes that occurred, politics and power, humanism, and the Protestant Reformation predominated. Many desired a strong central government and an end to feudalism, which gave way for the establishment of monarchies (â€Å"Introduction to RenaissanceRead MoreThe Renaissance Period3406 Words   |  14 PagesThe argument being put forward in this dissertation is that the Renaissance in Europe, with specific emphasis on Italy, during the 15th Century, was the most influential period in developing the ‘early modernâ€℠¢ human society. Many believe that this was due to its almost perfect location between Western Europe and the Eastern shore of the Mediterranean. By analysing various factors and sources, as well as different aspects of society, for example political factors and the views of contemporary textsRead MoreThe Renaissance Period1254 Words   |  6 PagesThe Renaissance started in Italy during the 1300’s before spreading throughout Europe in the 1500 and 1600’s. It came about because of a change in the way of thinking. In an effort to learn, people began to want to understand the world around them. This study of the world and how it works was the start of a new age of science. â€Å"The people were curious and questioned the known wisdom of the church. They began to use experimentation and observation to solve worldly problems†. (Johnson). ManyRead MoreRenaissance Art : The Renaissance Period867 Words   |  4 PagesRenaissance Art The Renaissance time period was home to many new ideas in art. This includes new artists bringing forth ideas that had yet to be discovered and made popular. New themes and types of art were also being brought forward during this period. Numerous artists had to of been present to make Renaissance art the way it is. Some of the world’s most famous artists were working during this time period, including Leonardo da Vinci, and other artists like Sandro Botticelli and Lorenzo GhibertiRead MoreThe Baroque And The Renaissance Period947 Words   |  4 PagesThe Art period went through many different transitional phases to become what it is now, but the most famous of these phases are the Baroque and the Renaissance period. During the Renaissance saw the appearance of the â€Å"rebirth† of its country. the painters use realistic portrayals of nature and the human figure by artists that were inspired by the ancient Greek and Roman art and culture. However, during the Baroque creative phase,the artwork that seemed to be unrealistic, clear and produced many

It Was August 18, 2014, Just Another Beautiful Summer Day.

It was August 18, 2014, just another beautiful summer day. It was my first day back in the classroom as a third year teacher. I greeted all the smiling faces of my first graders that morning and rushed through the day, trying to get in everything that I had planned. The craziness of the first day of school quickly passed and before I knew it, it was time to start planning for the next day. But all I could think about was getting home and being with my 18-month old son. Before I had children, I would spend countless hours after school working, but once they came along, I vowed to not get burnt out in my profession and to spend the majority of my time at home with them. So, I left my piles of work at the classroom and headed home. I thought†¦show more content†¦My Daddy was a perfectly healthy man who only recently noticed a small lump on his cheek. How did that one little lump become a cancerous lymph node and change our lives? It was something that I would question constantl y. But through all of the heartbreak and anger, I continued to pray for peace, healing, and understanding. The next few weeks passed by slowly and in all honestly, it was all a big blur. My heart still physically and emotionally ached, and I was still trying to wrap my mind around everything. Before I knew it, it was September and time for my Daddy’s first chemotherapy treatment. My parents kept insisting that I didn’t need to go to the appointment with them, but I knew that I needed to go. Not only to support both of them, but also for healing for myself. As we walked into the chemo room, it was like reality slapped me in the face. Up until this point, I think I was in denial and not willing to fully accept what my Daddy’s future held. I can still visualize the room with all the chairs, monitors, and IV pumps. The next eight hours passed by quicker than I imagined that they would. My Daddy did fantastic with the treatment. As we left the doctor’s office, I still didn’t know what the future held. The only thing I knew for certain was that my perspective on life had changed. I knew that I had been going through the day-to-day routine and just walking through life. But was I actually living it? Was I spending my days doingShow MoreRelatedChild Pageants : A Beautiful Little Girl Who Participated At Pageants1976 Words   |  8 PagesPAGEANTS Phase 2 Aksinia Vorobei HHG 4MI Dr.Gaydos INTRODUCTION JonBenet Ramsey was a beautiful little girl who participated in pageants. She loved to play outside, hike, practise violin and rock climb. JonBenet and her mother had a hobby together: participating in pageants. It would seem that nothing can go wrong for a 6 year old beauty queen, but what happened was a shock - and still is. JonBenet was found murdered in her home, with the case never have been solved. Shes the face of childRead MoreLady Gaga case study11446 Words   |  46 PagesOCTOBER 15, 2011 ANITA ELBERSE MICHAEL CHRISTENSEN Lady Gaga (A) â€Å"Let’s get everyone in a room to discuss what to do,† said Troy Carter, manager of up-and-coming pop star Lady Gaga, to his assistant as he walked into his Santa Monica office. It was September 2009, a week after the MTV Video Music Awards (VMAs) ceremony that had seen Gaga win a coveted Best New Artist award and that had featured a spectacular performance of her hit song Paparazzi—ending with the singer-songwriter, covered inRead MoreCoca Cola As A Gender Oriented Branding Concept3402 Words   |  14 Pagesadvertisings, tasting experiments. My overall approach was to find a link between the packaging of the three main Coca Cola products; Coca Cola Classic, Diet Coke and Coke Zero; the message it’s sending and the client it is targeted for. First I had to study the substance inside the packaging to discover that these products fall into two groups; the diet group made of Diet Coke and Coke Zero, made out of the same ingredients and actually taste just the same but with different names and packages; andRead MoreFOOD TRUCK BUSINESS PLAN5258 Words   |  22 Pages EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 MANAGEMENT TEAM 5 ORGANIZATION PLAN 6 PRODUCT/SERVICE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 6 INDUSTRY ANALYSIS 7 OPERATIONAL PLAN 10 MARKETING PLAN 12 GROWTH PLAN 14 CONTINGENCY PLAN 15 FINANCIAL PLAN 16 FINANCIAL RATIOS 17 BREAKEVEN ANALYSIS 18 FINANCIAL GROWTH PLAN 19 REFERENCES 20 APPENDIX 21 START-UP FUNDS 21 SALARIES AND WAGES 22 FIXED OPERATING EXPENSES 23 PROJECTED SALES FORECAST 24 CASH RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS 25 INCOME STATEMENT 26 CASH FLOW STATEMENT 27 BALANCE SHEETRead MoreVWT Task 1 1014 Essay5448 Words   |  22 Pagesï » ¿Kimberly Patamia VWT Task 1 (1014) Student ID: 000376789 kpatami@my.wgu.edu I have been working as a registered nurse in Tacoma, WA since 2011 and I have chosen to assess the community health of Pierce County. Tacoma is the county seat of Pierce County and the largest city in the county and third largest city in the state (US Census Bureau, 2014). Pierce County is located south of Seattle and is comprised of 1,679 sq. miles, many of which front the Puget Sound. Northern areas of the countyRead MoreBelfast And Belfast Visitor Guide3467 Words   |  14 PagesAccording to uniquely Northern Ireland (2008), and Belfast visitor guide (2011), Belfast is the capital and the largest city of the Northern Ireland. The climate is mild as a result of Atlantic Ocean breezes and the Gulf Stream, with comfortable summers and temperate winters, snow is uncommon, and however rainfall is heavy. Belfast has warmth and hospitality quite unlike anywhere else. Belfast is situated at the mouth of the River Lagan on the borders of County Antrim and down in the province ofRead Mo reBusiness Plan Capstone6220 Words   |  25 Pages12 D2. Price List 13 D3. Promotional Strategy 14 D4. Sales Forecast 14 E. Implementation Strategy 17 E1. Overall Strategy 17 E2. Monitoring Plan 17 F. Financial Statements and Projections 18 F1. Revenue and Cost Estimate†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.18 F1. Forecasted Profit and Loss Statement 18 F2. Forecasted Balance Sheet 19 G. Financial Report 19 G1. Financial Projections 19 G2. Financial Position 20 G3. Estimated Capital/Investment Needs 20 H. References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreA Brief Note On The Soviet Revolution Of Russia Essay9167 Words   |  37 Pages Country Notebook Of Russia By syed abdul ahad @01374849 Executive summary Russia was previously known as the Ussr , Ussr was a communist regime in which the government had held a lot of power and there were no free markets , it had major issues such as corruption this was shown in world war 1 under the czarist regime the failure of the Ussr led to the creation a Russia as we know today . The modern Russia is a thriving country with great technological advancements in nuclear physics , theRead MoreThe Walt Disney Company and Disney Management25371 Words   |  102 PagesUltrasound Machines, India, China, and a Skewed Sex Ratio CASE 2ïš º1 The Not-So-Wonderful World of BONJOUR, MICKEY! In April 1992, EuroDisney SCA opened its doors to European visitors. Located by the river Marne some 20 miles east of Paris, it was designed to be the biggest and most lavish theme park that Walt Disney Company (Disney) had built to date—bigger than Disneyland in Anaheim, California; Disneyworld in Orlando, Florida; and Tokyo Disneyland in Japan. Much to Disney management’s surpriseRead MoreUnit 15- P1 Til M310945 Words   |  44 Pagestargets.................................................23 9. Merit 3 - Asses ways of achieving the level and types†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦26 l.koo@zadkine.nl Preface In this assignment I am going to write about developing of a career in business. I was always thinking how my future would look like and what a person I want to be, what I want to do and how I will come there. This unit does help me because I thought it would be easy to achieve my dream. With this plan I can think about which resources

Anatomy and Physiology of Body Systems Free Essays

string(31) " closer to internal organs 10\." Intermediate Apprenticeship in Health (Emergency Care Assistance) Edexcel L2 Diploma in Emergency Care Assistance (QCF) Unit 11 Anatomy and Physiology of Body Systems A/602/5038 Candidate Name: _Ashley Orwin____________________ Candidate Employer: ___________________ Unit Overview: This unit will give learners a basic understanding of how the body is organised – from cells up to systems. Learners will also gain an understanding of the components and functions of the main systems of the body, leading to further understanding of how illness or injury affects the normal functions of an organ or system. How you will be assessed for unit 12: This unit consists of one knowledge outcome which will be assessed via a workbook. We will write a custom essay sample on Anatomy and Physiology of Body Systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now Outcomes| Assessment| Criteria| 1. Know how body Systems are organised| Knowledge Workbook| 1. 1 Label the structure of a typical cell1. 2 Outline the definition of tissue1. 3 Outline the definition of an organ1. 4 Outline the definition of a body system1. 5 Define directional terms used in medicine1. 6 Label major organs within the body cavities| 2. Know the Functions of the Respiratory System| Knowledge Workbook| 2. 1 Describe the function of the respiratory system2. 2 Label the components of the respiratory tract2. Describe the structure of the lungs2. 4 Outline the process of respiration2. 5 Describe the initial management of asthma| 3. Know the function of the Cardiovascular System| Knowledge Workbook| 3. 1 Outline the role of thecardiovascular system3. 2 Label the structure of the heart3. 3 State the electrical conductionsystem of the heart3. 4 Describe the purpose of differenttypes of blood vessels3. 5Describe the properties of blood| 4. Know how the nervous system supports b ody functions| Knowledge Workbook| 4. 1 Outline the role of the nervoussystem4. 2 Identify the components of thenervous system| 5. Know how the skeletal system functions | Knowledge Workbook | 5. 1 Outline the role of the skeletalsystem5. 2 Label the bones of the skeleton5. 3 Describe the different types of skeletal joints5. 4 Outline the relationship between the muscular system and theskeleton| In order to pass this unit you must complete this workbook to a satisfactory standard. Should you have any difficulties with this workbook your clinical tutors will be happy to support you 1. Know how the body systems are organised. 1. 1: Label the structure of a typical cell Using the following diagram label the key component of the cell. Nucleolus Nucleolus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Nucleus Centriole Centriole Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Cell membrane Cell membrane Mitochondria Mitochondria Rough endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi complex Golgi complex 2. 2 Outline the definition of a tissue You need to describe the following types of tissue in your answer, epithelial, connective, nervous and muscle specifying how muscle is sub divided into both voluntary and involuntary giving appropriate examples. A collection of similar cells and the intercellular substances surrounding them. There are four basic kinds of tissue in the body: epithelium, connective tissues including adipose tissue, blood, bone, and cartilage, muscle tissue; and nerve tissue. Epithelial: Covers the whole surface of the body. It is made up of cells closely packed and ranged in one or more layers. This tissue is specialised to form the covering or lining of all internal or external body surfaces. Connective: Connective tissue serves a connecting function; it supports and binds other tissue. Nervous: nervous tissue is responsible for sensing stimuli and transmitting signals to and from different parts of an organism. Neurons are the basic unit of nervous tissue. Muscle tissue: has ability to relax and contrast and so brings about movement and mechanical work in various parts of the body. (Skeletal, smooth and cardiac) 1. 3 Outline the definition of an organ. An organ is a number of specialised tissues and cells that are formed together to form an organ which has a specific function within the body. E. g. the heart, use for carrying blood around the body. An organ is a number of specialised tissues and cells that are formed together to form an organ which has a specific function within the body. E. g. the heart, use for carrying blood around the body. You need to consider the following in your answer, namely how specialized tissues have both specialist functions or form a particular structure such as the heart or lungs. 1. 4 Outline the definition of a body system. The body has many different organs all with their own specific jobs and are made up of different parts for example the respiratory system has the nose, trachea, diaphragm, bronchus, bronchioles, lungs and mouth which are all use to breath. A group of organs working together to perform a particular function The body has many different organs all with their own specific jobs and are made up of different parts for example the respiratory system has the nose, trachea, diaphragm, bronchus, bronchioles, lungs and mouth which are all use to breath. A group of organs working together to perform a particular function You need to include in your answer that the body is comprised of a number of systems that contain specific organs that have specialized functions, for example the lungs in the respiratory system. . 5 Define Directional terms used in medicine Your answer must provide a clear definition of the following terms and how these are utilised to describe the human body and positioning of both injuries and/or organs. 1. Superior — Toward or at the upper part of the structure 2. Inferior– Toward or at the lower part of the structure 3. Lateral – Away from the midline of the body / on the outer side 4. Med ial – Toward or at the midline of the body / on the inner side 5. Posterior – Toward back of the body 6. Anterior – Toward or at the front of the body . Proximal – Closer to the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk 8. Distal – Further from the point of attachment of limb 9. External –Structure closer to internal organs 10. You read "Anatomy and Physiology of Body Systems" in category "Papers" Internal – structure further from the internal organs 11. Superior — Toward or at the upper part of the structure 12. Inferior– Toward or at the lower part of the structure 13. Lateral – Away from the midline of the body / on the outer side 14. Medial – Toward or at the midline of the body / on the inner side 15. Posterior – Toward back of the body 16. Anterior – Toward or at the front of the body 17. Proximal – Closer to the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk 18. Distal – Further from the point of attachment of limb 19. External –Structure closer to internal organs 20. Internal – structure further from the internal organs 1. 6 Label major organs within body cavities Complete the diagram clearly labelling the organs and major structures. Aorta Aorta Tarynx Tarynx Trachea Trachea Heart Heart Superior vena cava Superior vena cava Oesophagus Oesophagus Lung Lung Diaphragm Diaphragm Aorta Aorta Liver Liver Inferior vena cava Inferior vena cava Spleen Spleen Gall bladder Gall bladder Stomach Stomach Pancreas Pancreas Kidney Kidney Ureter Ureter Small intestine Small intestine Appendix Appendix Large intestine Large intestine Bladder Bladder Rectum Rectum Urethra Urethra Student notes and Supplementary Work sheets. Directional Medical Terms As an Ambulance Care Assistant you should be able to use directional medical terms. The first important thing in learning about anatomy and physiology is to know the anatomical position and body landmarks. To accurately describe body parts and position, initial reference point and directional terms should be used in a medical setting. The correct anatomical position is standing up (erect) with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body. To precisely point out the chief complaint of a patient, the ECA or Paramedic uses anatomical terms representing a certain body part. For example, a patient walks in the emergency room with a laceration on the posterior portion of the left lower leg. To clearly state the area of injury the Paramedic uses the term â€Å"sural† which means the posterior surface of the lower leg rather than writing â€Å"back area of the lower leg†. Knowing these terms not only give the ECA or Paramedic a more accurate formulation of chief complaints but it also saves time of a good deal of description. To clearly explain exactly the relation of a body structure to each other, directional terms are used. For example to describe the relationship or location of the heart to the arms, we can say â€Å"the heart is located in between the arms†. Using anatomical terminology, this is expressed as â€Å"the heart is medial to the arms. † Hence, it is a more clear and precise statement Common Anatomical Terms (for reference purposes only) ABDOMINAL| ACROMIAL| ANTECUBITAL| AXILLARY| BRACHIAL| BUCCAL| CARPAL| CERVICAL| COXAL| CRURAL| DIGITAL| FEMORAL| FIBULAR| INGUINAL| NASAL| ORAL| ORBITAL| PATELLAR| PELVIC| STERNAL| PUBIC| TARSAL| THORACIC| UMBILLICAL| CALCANEAL| CEPHALIC| DELTOID| FEMORAL| GLUTEAL| LUMBAR| OCCIPITAL| OLECRANAL| POPLITEAL| SCAPUALR| SURAL| VERTEBRAL| PLANTAR| | | | Common Anatomical Terms (for reference purposes only) ABDOMINAL| ACROMIAL| ANTECUBITAL| AXILLARY| BRACHIAL| BUCCAL| CARPAL| CERVICAL| COXAL| CRURAL| DIGITAL| FEMORAL| FIBULAR| INGUINAL| NASAL| ORAL| ORBITAL| PATELLAR| PELVIC| STERNAL| PUBIC| TARSAL| THORACIC| UMBILLICAL| CALCANEAL| CEPHALIC| DELTOID| FEMORAL| GLUTEAL| LUMBAR| OCCIPITAL| OLECRANAL| POPLITEAL| SCAPUALR| SURAL| VERTEBRAL| PLANTAR| | | | The terms commonly used in practice are superior, inferior, lateral, medial, posterior, anterior, sural, proximal, distal, external and internal. Using these terminologies show on the diagram below and identify the position of the directional medical terms. These terms will commonly be used in practice not only to describe injuries but to provide an appropriate handover to other healthcare professionals. Supplementary Reading The Tissues Tissue is a group of cells that have a similar shape and function. Different types of tissues can be found in different organs. In humans, there are four basic types of tissue:   epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue. There may be various sub-tissues within each of the primary tissues. Epithelial tissue covers the body surface and forms the lining for most internal cavities. The major function of epithelial tissue includes protection, secretion, absorption, and filtration. The skin is an organ made up of epithelial tissue which protects the body from dirt, dust, bacteria and other microbes that may be harmful. Cells of the epithelial tissue have different shapes as shown on the student’s worksheet. Cells can be thin, flat to cubic to elongated. Connective tissue is the most abundant and the most widely distributed of the tissues. Connective tissues perform a variety of functions including support and protection. The following tissues are found in the human body, ordinary loose connective tissue, fat tissue, dense fibrous tissue, cartilage, bone, blood, and lymph, which are all considered connective tissue. There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is a voluntary type of muscle tissue that is used in the contraction of skeletal parts. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of internal organs and blood vessels. It is an involuntary type. The cardiac muscle is found only in the walls of the heart and is involuntary in nature. Nerve tissue is composed of specialized cells which not only receive stimuli but also conduct impulses to and from all parts of the body. Nerve cells or neurons are long and string-like. In tissues the simplest combination is called a membrane, or a sheet of tissues which cover or line the body surface or divide organs into parts. Examples include the mucous membrane which lines body cavities. Tissues combine to form organs. An organ is a part of the body which performs a definite function. The final units of organization in the body are called systems. A system is a group of organs each of which contributes its share to the function of the body as a whole 2. Know how the respiratory system functions 2. 1 Describe the function of the respiratory system. You need to consider the following topics in your answer, namely the extraction of Oxygen from the atmosphere and the excretion of carbon dioxide. You also need to describe how the respiratory system maintains the acid base balance of the blood and how lungs are ventilated i. e. he process by which air enters the lungs. It may be useful to read the following text, Section 8- The Respiratory system, Ambulance Service Basic Training Manual. Nancy Caroline (2007) Emergency Care in the Streets, chapters 11. 3-11. 16 inclusive Watch the following presentation before attempting this question, http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000018. htm The respiratory system, in close conjunction with the circulation s ystem is responsible for supplying body cells with essential oxygen and removing potentially harmful carbon dioxide from the body. The mouth and nose channel air from outside the body through a system of tubes of diminishing size that eventually reach the two lungs on either side of the heart within the chest cavity. The respiratory system, in close conjunction with the circulation system is responsible for supplying body cells with essential oxygen and removing potentially harmful carbon dioxide from the body. The mouth and nose channel air from outside the body through a system of tubes of diminishing size that eventually reach the two lungs on either side of the heart within the chest cavity. 2. 2 Label the components of the respiratory tract. Complete the diagram below. Diaphragm Diaphragm Right lung Right lung Trachea Trachea Alveolus Alveolus Bronchus Bronchus Mouth Mouth Bronchioles Bronchioles Nasal cavity Nasal cavity 2. 3 Describe the structure of the lungs You need to consider the following in our answer, namely the structure of the lungs, there position within the thoracic cavity, the shape and membranes that cover them. If needed you can utilise a diagram to facilitate your explanation. The two sponges- like lungs fill most of the chest cavity and are protected by the flexible ribcage. Together they form one of the body largest organs. Their essential function is gas exchange taking vital oxygen from the air and expelling waste carbon dioxide to the air. Air enters the lungs from the trachea, which branches at its base into main airways, the primary bronchi. Each primary bronchus enters its lungs at a site called the hilum, which is also where the main blood vessels pass in and out of the lungs. The primary bronchus divides into secondary bronchi, all the time decreasing in diameter. Many subsequent divisions from the narrowest airways; the terminal and then respiratory bronchioles, which distribute air to the alveoli. This intricate network of air passages resembles an inverted tree, with the trachea as the trunk, and is known as the bronchial tree. They are corresponding trees from the pulmonary arteries and arterioles bringing low-oxygen blood from the hearts right side and pulmonary venules and veins, returning high oxygen blood to the heart left side. The two sponges- like lungs fill most of the chest cavity and are protected by the flexible ribcage. Together they form one of the body largest organs. Their essential function is gas exchange taking vital oxygen from the air and expelling waste carbon dioxide to the air. Air enters the lungs from the trachea, which branches at its base into main airways, the primary bronchi. Each primary bronchus enters its lungs at a site called the hilum, which is also where the main blood vessels pass in and out of the lungs. The primary bronchus divides into secondary bronchi, all the time decreasing in diameter. Many subsequent divisions from the narrowest airways; the terminal and then respiratory bronchioles, which distribute air to the alveoli. This intricate network of air passages resembles an inverted tree, with the trachea as the trunk, and is known as the bronchial tree. They are corresponding trees from the pulmonary arteries and arterioles bringing low-oxygen blood from the hearts right side and pulmonary venules and veins, returning high oxygen blood to the heart left side. 2. 4 Outline the process of respiration Your answer needs to include the process of both internal and external respiration and diffusion of gases through a semi permeable membrane. You do not need to consider partial pressures and diffusion gradients in order to answer this question. ECTIS (2007) chapter 11. 12 provides a valuable insight into the mechanics of respiration. External inspiration is the process of extracting air particles from the atmosphere so that lungs and the main organs are the body expel carbon dioxide, a by – product which is removed by the lungs. Internal inspiration is where the blood and cells carry oxygen around the body to different organs. CO2 the waste product is absorbed through the blood and sent back to the lungs and expired back into the atmosphere. Reference – Ambulance service basic training manual 2003 (updated January 2010) External inspiration is the process of extracting air particles from the atmosphere so that lungs and the main organs are the body expel carbon ioxide, a by – product which is removed by the lungs. Internal inspiration is where the blood and cells carry oxygen around the body to different organs. CO2 the waste product is absorbed through the blood and sent back to the lungs and expired back into the atmosphere. Reference – Ambulance service basic training manual 2003 (u pdated January 2010) 2. 5 Describe the initial management of asthma Your answer needs to focus on current best practice clinical guidelines JRCALC 2006, Nice. As an ECA you are not permitted to administer any medication such as adrenaline, Salbutalmol or Ipatropium Bromide only Oxygen therapy. Consider management of a simple exacerbation and also life threatening asthma. Ensure you structure your answer in the D,R,C,A,B,C,D,E format. 1. Check for dangers that could injure you or the causalities and people around you. 2. Check response levers by speaking to the person and tapping their shoulder if they are unconscious 3. Ring 999 for support 4. Check that causalities airway is clear and look for obstructions. Check the spo2 levels using a pulse oximeter , checking oxygen sats are 94% or above. If they are below you will need to administer oxygen at 15lpm via an adult non re breather until backup arrive ready to administer salbutamol via a nebuliser mask at 8lpm until they symptom subside or transported to hospital for treatment. 5. Check for dangers that could injure you or the causalities and people around you. 6. Check response levers by speaking to the person and tapping their shoulder if they are unconscious 7. Ring 999 for support 8. Check that causalities airway is clear and look for obstructions. Check the spo2 levels using a pulse oximeter , checking oxygen sats are 94% or above. If they are below you will need to administer oxygen at 15lpm via an adult non re breather until backup arrive ready to administer salbutamol via a nebuliser mask at 8lpm until they symptom subside or transported to hospital for treatment. Supplementary Worksheets and Reading Introduction Primary function of respiratory system is transport of O2 and CO2. This requires the four processes collectively known as respiration: Fill out the blanks Pulmonary ventilation is the movement of †¦oxygen†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Into and out of the lungs (breathing). This involves gas pressures and †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦muscle†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ contractions. 1. External†¦ Respiration†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ is the exchange of O2 (loading) and CO2 2. (Unloading) between blood and alveoli (air sacs). 3. Transport of respiratory gases between †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦blood†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ and tissues. 4. Internal†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Respiration†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦is gas exchange between blood and tissue cells. The respiratory system is situated in the thorax, and is responsible for gaseous exchange between the circulatory system and the outside world. Air is taken in via the upper airways (the nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx) through the lower airways (trachea, primary bronchi and bronchial tree) and into the small bronchioles and alveoli within the lung tissue. The lungs are divided into lobes; the left lung is composed of the upper lobe, the lower lobe and the lingula (a small remnant next to the apex of the heart), the right lung is composed of the upper, the middle and the lower lobes. To take a breath in, the external intercostal muscles contract, moving the ribcage up and out. The diaphragm moves down at the same time, creating negative pressure within the thorax. The lungs are held to the thoracic wall by the pleural membranes, and so expand outwards as well. This creates negative pressure within the lungs, and so air rushes in through the upper and lower airways. Expiration is mainly due to the natural elasticity of the lungs, which tend to collapse if they are not held against the thoracic wall. This is the mechanism behind lung collapse if there is air in the pleural space (pneumothorax) Each branch of the bronchial tree eventually sub-divides to form very narrow terminal bronchioles, which terminate in the alveoli. There are many millions of alveloi in each lung, and these are the areas responsible for gaseous exchange, presenting a massive surface area for exchange to occur over. Each alveolus is very closely associated with a network of capillaries containing deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary artery. The capillary and alveolar walls are very thin, allowing rapid exchange of gases by passive diffusion along concentration gradients. CO2 moves into the alveolus as the concentration is much lower in the alveolus than in the blood, and O2 moves out of the alveolus as the continuous flow of blood through the capillaries prevents saturation of the blood with O2 and allows maximal transfer across the membrane. The Earth’s atmosphere is made up of only five gases: nitrogen, oxygen, water vapour, argon, and carbon dioxide. Several other compounds also are present. Complete the table below which details the composition of inspired air. Percentage Present Inspired Air| | 100%| Oxygen| | 20%| Nitrogen| | 79%| Carbon Dioxide| | 0. 04%| Water Vapour| | variable%| Inert Gases| | 0. 15%| Complete the table below providing a brief description of each structure. Structure| description| Nose| The nose is mainly made up of cartilage bones and fibrous tissues. | | Pharynx| Pharynx is a cone shaped passageway leading from the oral and nasal cavities in the head to the oesophagus and larynx. | Larynx| Is part of the respiratory system and is located between the pharynx and the trachea. We use it to talk and swallow. | | Trachea| Trachea is a tube like a portion respiratory tract that connects the larynx with the bronchus and bronchioles lungs. This is also known as the windpipe. | | Bronchi| Bronchi are the main part of the lung that goes through to the bronchioles. | | Bronchioles| The tiny branch of air tubes with in the lungs that are a continuation of bronchus. They join the bronchi to the alveoli| | Lungs| Lungs are involved with inspiration of oxygen and expiration of CO2, which is a part of breathing. | Alveoli| Part within the lungs where gas and blood exchange occurs. Tiny air sacs with a large surface area and surrounded by dense network of capillaries| | Pleura| Liquid that lubricates the lungs and keeps them working correctly. Offer some protection against impact| | The rate of breathing differs significantly when presented with a variety of illnesses and/or trauma. To adequately assess a patients respiratory function you must be able to recognise whether a patients respiration rate is bradypnoeic, tachypnoeic or within normal parameters. Complete the table below to demonstrate this. Respiratory Rates | Bradypneoic| Normal| Tachypnoeic| Neonate| 24| 30 – 40| 40| Child| 10| 25 – 30| 30| Adult| 9| 12 – 20| 30| Asthma: Signs, Symptoms and Management. Asthma is a condition that affects the airways – the small tubes that carry air in and out of the lungs. When a person with asthma comes into contact with something that irritates their airways (an asthma trigger), the muscles round the walls of the airways tighten so that the airways become narrower and the lining of the airways becomes inflamed and starts to swell. Sometimes, sticky mucus or phlegm builds up, which can further narrow the airways. These reactions cause the airways to become narrower and irritated – making it difficult to breath and leading to symptoms of asthma. Asthma is a long-term condition  that can cause a cough, wheezing and breathlessness. The severity of the symptoms varies from person to person. Asthma can be co ntrolled well in most people most of the time. In the UK, 5. million people are currently receiving treatment for asthma. That  is  1 in every 12 adults and 1 in every 11 children. Asthma in adults is more common in women than men. If you are diagnosed with asthma as a child, the  symptoms may disappear during your teenage years. However, asthma can return in adulthood. If childhood symptoms of asthma are moderate to severe, it is more likely that the condition will persist or return later in life. However, asthma does not only start in  young people and can develop at any age. The cause of asthma is not fully understood, but it is known that asthma often runs in families. You are more likely to have asthma if one or both of your parents  has the condition. What is asthma? Asthma is caused by inflammation of the airways. These are  the small tubes, called bronchi,  which carry air in and out of the lungs. If you have asthma, the bronchi  will be  inflamed and  more sensitive than normal. When you come into contact with something that irritates your lungs, known as a trigger, your airways become narrow, the muscles around them tighten and there is an increase in the production of sticky mucus (phlegm). This makes it difficult to breathe and causes wheezing and coughing. It  may also  make your chest feel tight. A severe onset of symptoms is known as an asthma attack or an ‘acute asthma exacerbation’. Asthma attacks may require hospital treatment and can sometimes be life-threatening, although this is rare. For some people with chronic (long-lasting) asthma, long-term inflammation of the airways may lead to more permanent narrowing. Common triggers A trigger is  anything that irritates the airways and brings on the symptoms of asthma. These differ from person to person and people with asthma may have several triggers. Common triggers include house dust mites, animal fur, pollen, tobacco smoke, exercise, cold air and chest infections. Other types of asthma There are  other types of asthma that can be made worse by certain activities: * Work-aggravated asthma is pre-existing asthma that is made worse by dust and fumes at work. * Occupational asthma is caused by exposure to specific substances at work. For example, some nurses develop occupational asthma after exposure to latex, and some workers in the food-processing industry develop occupational asthma as a response of exposure to flour. Outlook While there is no cure for asthma, symptoms can come and go throughout your life. A number of treatments can help control the condition very effectively. Treatment is based on two important goals: * relief of symptoms * preventing future symptoms and attacks from developing Successful prevention can be achieved through a combination of medicines, lifestyle advice and identifying and then avoiding potential asthma triggers Know how the cardiovascular system functions. 3. 1 Outline the role of the cardiovascular system. You need to provide a summary of the cardiovascular system its organs and their function. Watch the presentation to enable you to answer this question correctly. http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000023. htm The functions of the cardiovascular system are to transport nutrient, oxygen, water and remove waste products from the cardiovascular system. The other function is to pump oxygenated blood around the body. 1. Deoxygenated blood enters the heart full of CO2. 2. It gets pushed through the heart through electrical impulses into the lungs. 3. It gets rid of CO2 and replaces oxygen. 4. Blood flows around the body giving vital organs oxygen and taken away waste products. 5. Deoxygenated blood goes back into the heart. The functions of the cardiovascular system are to transport nutrient, oxygen, water and remove waste products from the cardiovascular system. The other function is to pump oxygenated blood around the body. 6. Deoxygenated blood enters the heart full of CO2. 7. It gets pushed through the heart through electrical impulses into the lungs. 8. It gets rid of CO2 and replaces oxygen. 9. Blood flows around the body giving vital organs oxygen and taken away waste products. 10. Deoxygenated blood goes back into the heart. 3. 2 Label the structure of the heart Complete both diagrams below. It may be useful to read section 9 of the Ambulance Service basic training manual. Left Atrium Left Atrium Pulmonary artery Pulmonary artery Pulmonary veins Pulmonary veins Inferior vena cava Inferior vena cava Right ventricle Right ventricle Septum Septum Left ventricle Left ventricle Arterial valve Arterial valve Bicuspid valve Bicuspid valve Tricuspid valve Tricuspid valve Right atrium Right atrium Pulmonary valve Pulmonary valve Branch of pulmonary vein Branch of pulmonary vein Aortic Trunk Aortic Trunk Pulmonary artery Pulmonary artery Aortic branches Aortic branches Superior vena cava Superior vena cava . 2 Label the diagram. Aortic Trunk Aortic Trunk Pulmonary artery Pulmonary artery Right atrium Right atrium Left ventricle Left ventricle Great cardiac vein Great cardiac vein Bradiocephalic artery Bradiocephalic artery 3. 3 State the electrical conduction system of the heart. Your answer needs to include a description and functioning of the SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Pur kinje Fibres and LR Bundle Branches. It might be useful to incorporate a diagram of the normal sinus rhythm to illustrate your answer. Watch the following presentation to reinforce your understanding of this chain of events. ttp://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000021. htm 1. The brain sends electrical impulses to the heart telling it to beat. 2. The S-A node (sinoatrial node) receives the message and sends it along the atria telling it to contract and push blood forward. 3. The A-V node (atrioventricular node) holds the current for 60 -80 milliseconds to allow blood to gather. 4. The A-V bundle takes the signal and passes it down the branches. 5. The purkinje fibres receive the signal. 6. The contractions happen as the fibres contract. 7. The brain sends electrical impulses to the heart telling it to beat. . The S-A node (sinoatrial node) receives the message and sends it along the atria telling it to contract and push blood forward. 9. The A-V node (atrioventric ular node) holds the current for 60 -80 milliseconds to allow blood to gather. 10. The A-V bundle takes the signal and passes it down the branches. 11. The purkinje fibres receive the signal. 12. The contractions happen as the fibres contract. 3. 4 Describe the purpose of different types of blood vessels. Your answer must include a description of the arteries , veins, arterioles, venules and capillaries along with their function. You may wish to include a diagram in your answer. Blood is transported around the body in a network of different blood vessels that come in different sizes. Arteries are the biggest of the blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart towards the vital organs and tissues but the only one that doesn’t is the pulmonary artery. Arterioles branch out from the main arteries and carry oxygenated blood to the capillaries and they are a lot smaller and thinner than arteries. Capillaries are smaller of the vessels and lead to the tissues where they deposit oxygen and minerals and extract carbon dioxide which is a waste product. Veins carry deoxygenates blood back to the body ready to go round the system again. Venules carry deoxygenated blood away from the capillaries and branchy together to make veins. Blood is transported around the body in a network of different blood vessels that come in different sizes. Arteries are the biggest of the blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart towards the vital organs and tissues but the only one that doesn’t is the pulmonary artery. Arterioles branch out from the main arteries and carry oxygenated blood to the capillaries and they are a lot smaller and thinner than arteries. Capillaries are smaller of the vessels and lead to the tissues where they deposit oxygen and minerals and extract carbon dioxide which is a waste product. Veins carry deoxygenates blood back to the body ready to go round the system again. Venules carry deoxygenated blood away from the capillaries and branchy together to make veins. 3. 5 Describe the properties of blood. Blood is essential to life; your answer must describe in detail the major components of blood and their functions in maintaining homeostasis. Don’t forget that blood contains more than solids. They key components you must discuss are red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma. Begin by describing their shape and size along with their function. Bloody is a specialized body fluid, it has four main components, red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets. Blood has many different functions including: * Transporting oxygen and nutrients to lungs and tissues * Forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss * Carrying cell and antibodies that fight infection * Bring waste products to kidneys and liver, which filter and clean blood * Regulation body temperature Red blood cells account for 40-45 % of blood volume; they are a biconcave disk shape with a flattened centre. RBC contain a special protein called haemoglobin which helps carry oxygen from the lungs to rest of the body and return carbon dioxide from body to lungs to be exhaled. White blood cells protect body from infections. They are much fewer in number than RBC’s, accounting for only 1% of blood. Most common is neutrophil (immediate response) accounts for 55-75% of total white blood cells. Each neutrophil lives less than a day. There are other types; lymphocyte which there is a T and a B lymphocyte. T attack various infected cells and tumours, B makes antibodies, which are proteins that target bacteria viruses and other foreign materials. Plasma is a liquid component of blood it is a mix of water, sugar, fat, protein and salt, plasma job is to transport blood cells throughout the body along with nutrients, waste product, antibodies, clotting, and proteins, chemical Messages such as hormones and proteins that help maintain body’s fluid balance. Platelets clot the blood together at the site of an injury and also contain white blood cells to stop infection entering the wound which is why the scab forms. Bloody is a specialized body fluid, it has four main components, red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets. Blood has many different functions including: * Transporting oxygen and nutrients to lungs and tissues * Forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss * Carrying cell and antibodies that fight infection * Bring waste products to kidneys and liver, which filter and clean blood * Regulation body temperature Red blood cells account for 40-45 % of blood volume; they are a biconcave disk shape with a flattened centre. RBC contain a special protein called haemoglobin which helps carry oxygen from the lungs to rest of the body and return carbon dioxide from body to lungs to be exhaled. White blood cells protect body from infections. They are much fewer in number than RBC’s, accounting for only 1% of blood. Most common is neutrophil (immediate response) accounts for 55-75% of total white blood cells. Each neutrophil lives less than a day. There are other types; lymphocyte which there is a T and a B lymphocyte. T attack various infected cells and tumours, B makes antibodies, which are proteins that target bacteria viruses and other foreign materials. Plasma is a liquid component of blood it is a mix of water, sugar, fat, protein and salt, plasma job is to transport blood cells throughout the body along with nutrients, waste product, antibodies, clotting, and proteins, chemical Messages such as hormones and proteins that help maintain body’s fluid balance. Platelets clot the blood together at the site of an injury and also contain white blood cells to stop infection entering the wound which is why the scab forms. 4 Know how the nervous system supports body functions. 4. 1 Outline the role of the nervous system. Your answer should consider how the nervous system receives external and internal stimuli and conveys impulses not only to the brain, spinal cord and organs but also away from these, eliciting specific responses and in turn maintaining homeostasis. You may use diagrams and continue on a separate sheet if needed. The main function of the central nervous system is to send electrical impulse to the brain through the spinal cord and sends it back to the peripheral nervous system which causes to react and feel pain when hurt or unwell. Somatic nerves have control over movement of joints whether you can move arms or legs. Autonomic nerves control the body’s natural reactions such as breathing, you don’t need to control them they happen naturally. Sympathetic nerves control things such as accelerating your heat rhythm and breathing rate. Homeostasis is the body controlling the body’s natural state and responding to change within your natural state. The stimulus receives the message telling the brain the body has a change in natural response and relays a signal to receptors which is the site where it processes the information and relays the message to the control centre which makes the decision on how to deal with the situation and return affected are back to normal state. STIMULUS RECEPTOR C N RESPONSE EFFECTORS S The main function of the central nervous system is to send electrical impulse to the brain through the spinal cord and sends it back to the peripheral nervous system which causes to react and feel pain when hurt or unwell. Somatic nerves have control over movement of joints whether you can move arms or legs. Autonomic nerves control the body’s natural reactions such as breathing, you don’t need to control them they happen naturally. Sympathetic nerves control things such as accelerating your heat rhythm and breathing rate. Homeostasis is the body controlling the body’s natural state and responding to change within your natural state. The stimulus receives the message telling the brain the body has a change in natural response and relays a signal to receptors which is the site where it processes the information and relays the message to the control centre which makes the decision on how to deal with the situation and return affected are back to normal state. STIMULUS RECEPTOR C N RESPONSE EFFECTORS S 4. 2 Identify the components of the nervous system. Peripheral nerve Peripheral nerve Spinal cord Spinal cord Brain Brain 4. 2 Identify the components of the nervous system. Please label the diagrams. Parietal lobe Parietal lobe Frontal lobe Frontal lobe Occipital lobe Occipital lobe Cerebellum Cerebellum Temporal lobe Temporal lobe Spinal cord Spinal cord 5 Know how the skeletal system functions. 5. 1 Outline the role of the skeletal system. You should consider the skeletal system has several functions that include not only protection, movement and support but also blood cell production. Your answer should provide a brief explanation on how the skeletal system performs the aforementioned functions. The functions of the skeletal system are to support the main framework of the human body. It allows attachments of different tendons and muscles which form joints around the body which allow us to move arms and legs. The system also stores vital nutrients such as calcium which is stored within the bone marrow. The skeletal system also plays a vital role in protecting main organs around the body e. g. heart and lung found inside the thoracic cavity. With the organs been protected this allows the body to functions correctly without becoming injured. The functions of the skeletal system are to support the main framework of the human body. It allows attachments of different tendons and muscles which form joints around the body which allow us to move arms and legs. The system also stores vital nutrients such as calcium which is stored within the bone marrow. The skeletal system also plays a vital role in protecting main organs around the body e. g. heart and lung found inside the thoracic cavity. With the organs been protected this allows the body to functions correctly without becoming injured. 5. 2 Label the bones of the skeleton Label the diagrams below Skull Skull Sternum Sternum Patella Patella Sacrum Sacrum Ulna Ulna Radius Radius Humerus Humerus Ribs Ribs Metatarsals Metatarsals Tibia Tibia Fibula Fibula Femur Femur Radius Radius Ulna Ulna Scapular Scapular Clavicle Clavicle 5. 3 Describe the different types of skeletal joints. Your answer must provide a full description of the different types of joints in the human body. It would be useful to identify where these joints are and if needed provide a diagram. Fibrous joints are fixed or unmovable, staying same place and never move shape or size. Cartilaginous joints can move partly but cannot fully move within the body. E. g. rib cage, spinal column. Saddle joints, only allow flexing and extending of different limbs but cannot be rotated. The thumb is the only bone with a saddle joint. Hinge joint, elbow, fingers, knees. Movement only occurs in one direction, usually forward. The knee is an exception it allows the foot and lower leg to move side to side. Gilding joints allow two or more joints to move against each other without any grinding or friction. Pivot joints allow up to 360 degree Movement in certain joints for example the wrist is very flexible and has full rotation. Ball joints are a ball and socket joint and they provide movement and rotation such as your hips and shoulders. Fibrous joints are fixed or unmovable, staying same place and never move shape or size. Cartilaginous joints can move partly but cannot fully move within the body. E. g. rib cage, spinal column. Saddle joints, only allow flexing and extending of different limbs but cannot be rotated. The thumb is the only bone with a saddle joint. Hinge joint, elbow, fingers, knees. Movement only occurs in one direction, usually forward. The knee is an exception it allows the foot and lower leg to move side to side. Gilding joints allow two or more joints to move against each other without any grinding or friction. Pivot joints allow up to 360 degree Movement in certain joints for example the wrist is very flexible and has full rotation. Ball joints are a ball and socket joint and they provide movement and rotation such as your hips and shoulders. 5. 4 Outline the relationship between the muscular system and the skeleton Your answer must include the functions of ligaments, tendons and muscles in relation to bones and joints: e. g. ligaments, attach one bone to another at the site of a joint; tendons continuous with the sheath covering each muscle and attached to the outer surface of a bone, another muscle or the skin, muscles, generate force to produce movement. The muscular skeletal system is made up of all bones in the body and the joints and muscles that surround them; this allows movement of different muscles and protection of our vital organs inside our human body. The muscular skeletal system is made up of all bones in the body and the joints and muscles that surround them; this allows movement of different muscles and protection of our vital organs inside our human body. Supplementary resources and reading All the web links are interactive resources that you can utilise to reinforce and consolidate your understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the human body. These are interesting and informative interactive modules that you should enjoy completing. These are not compulsory however it will help you in your continued study towards becoming an Emergency Care Assistant and further in your career as a pre hospital professional. It would be helpful once you have completed these interactive modules to provide a screen print of the last page confirming you have completed the module, placing this in your portfolio under unit 11 anatomy and physiology. Using the web link below complete the online learning module that investigates the pulmonary and systemic circulation 1. http://www. wisc-online. om/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP12704 Use the link below to reinforce your understanding of the anatomy of the respiratory system 2. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1004 The following link investigates the mechanism of breathing and the process of external and internal respiration 3. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewO bject. aspx? ID=AP15104 Use the link below to consolidate your understanding of the cardiovascular system 4. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1304 This link enables you to further investigate blood and the cells found within it. 5. http://www. isc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=CLT103 6. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP14604 7. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP14704 This link is a crossword puzzle that asks you to identify common cardiovascular diseases, be warned it is quite difficult. 8. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=GEN2405 The nervous system is of paramount importance to maintain homeostasis, use these links to investigate the nervous system further. The links will enable you to have a full understanding of the brain, the sympathetic nervous system and nerve fibres. 9. ttp://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP14404 10. http://www. wisc-online . com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP2704 11. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA502 12. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=COS1903 This link follows on from the nervous system and gives a brief insight into brain injury 13. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1104 The skeletal system enables the human form to remain upright, use this link to name the bones contained within the skeleton and the skull 14. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. spx? ID=MEA304 15. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP12904 16. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=COS1503 This final resource is produced by the BBC, again very interactive and sallows you to demonstrate your knowledge of a variety of body systems. 17. http://www. bbc. co. uk/science/humanbody/body/interactives/3djigsaw_02/index. shtml As part of your role as a ECA you will be required to measure a patientsâ€℠¢ blood pressure, utilise the interactive tutorial to familiarise yourself with blood pressure, its measurement and consequence of abnormality 18. http://www. nlm. ih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials/hypertension/htm/_no_50_no_0. htm 19. http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials/hypertension/htm/index. htm (allows you to download notes to the presentation) 20. http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000013. htm This resource contains hundreds on interactive tutorials on a variety of diseases, this is a valuable research tool for you to use at your leisure 21. http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials. html Interactive Module Links Tracking Sheet Watched| Y/N| Comment| 1. http://www. wisc online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP12704 2. http://www. isc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1004 3. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP15104 4. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1304 5. http://www. wisc-on line. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=CLT103 6. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP14604 7. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP14704 8. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=GEN2405 9. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP14404 10. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP2704 11. ttp://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA502 12. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=COS1903 13. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1104 14. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=MEA304 15. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP12904 16. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=COS1503 17. http://www. bbc. co. uk/science/humanbody/body/interactives/3djigsaw_02/index. shtml 18. http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials/hypertension/htm/_no_50_no_0. htm 19. http://www . nlm. ih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials/hypertension/htm/index. htm (allows you to download notes to the presentation) 20. http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000013. htm 21. http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials. html| | | Criteria| Achieved(? )| AssessorsComments| Internal Verifiers Comments| 1. 1 Label the structure of a typical cell| | | | 1. 2 Outline the definition of tissue| | | | 1. 3 Outline the definition of an organ| | | | 1. 4 Outline the definition of a body system| | | | 1. 5 Define directional terms used in medicine| | | | 1. 6 Label major organs within the body cavities| | | | . 1 Describe the function of the respiratory system| | | | 2. 2 Label the components of the respiratory tract| | | | 2. 3 Describe the structure of the lungs| | | | 2. 4 Outline the process of respiration| | | | 2. 5 Describe the initial management of asthma| | | | 3. 1 Outline the role of thecardiovascular system| | | | 3. 2 Label the structure of the heart| | | | 3 . 3 State the electrical conduction system of the heart| | | | 3. 4 Describe the purpose of different types of blood vessels| | | | 3. 5Describe the properties of blood| | | | 4. 1 Outline the role of the nervous system| | | | 4. Identify the components of the nervous system| | | | 5. 1 Outline the role of the skeletal system| | | | 5. 2 Label the bones of the skeleton| | | | 5. 3 Describe the different types of skeletal joints| | | | 5. 4 Outline the relationship between the muscular system and the skeleton| | | | | General Comments| Areas for Improvement| Assessor Signature: Date:| Learner Signature Date:| Internal Verifier Signature: Date:| How to cite Anatomy and Physiology of Body Systems, Papers

Market Segmentation and Positioning free essay sample

Market segmentation is the process of dividing a market into distinct subsets ofconsumers with common needs or characteristics and selecting one or more segments to target with a distinct marketing mix (Bruwer, Li and Reid, 2002). Segmentation is important because since customer needs differ there is a need to generate separate offers for each segment to better satisfy customers. Also, segmentation can help identify a diversity of market opportunities (Dibb and Simkin, 1991) and build up sales leading to higher profits. Moreover, it makes it practical for Almarai to acclimatize the marketing mix for precise target markets which helps to better satisfy the customer needs Furthermore, with segmentation further decision can me made such as what type of marketing activities are required, where to advertise, etc. Additionally, it helps Almarai have a better chance to increase their market shares, makes marketing effort more effective and economical, maintainable customer relationships in all stages of customer life cycle and it also influences innovation. We will write a custom essay sample on Market Segmentation and Positioning or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Almarai recognises they cannot serve all the segments in a market effectively and therefore try to target. It has to evaluate and analyse the segments and decide on which ones it should serve- targeting segments. Targeting is the process of selecting high-priority segments that are most likely to respond to marketing communication programs (Duncan, 2002). It is important since unfilled market gaps and market opportunities can be identified and if accurately identified may lead to high profits. Also, it assists to sell more of products with fewer marketing resources. Moreover, it becomes easier to determine where and how to market the product effectively, easily to concentrate on the benefits and features of the product, etc.